KAZALCI OKOLJA

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The phosphorus (P) budget in agriculture declined over the period 1992–2019 (for 97%). Reduction is the consequence of a decreased P intake with mineral and livestock fertilizers, as well as the consequence of increasing the P uptake by agricultural crops. The period up to 2005 was characterized by a surplus of 10 to 15 kg per hectare while after 2005 they were mostly less than 5 kg per hectare. In the period 2004–2015, the P surplus in Slovenia (+4.5 kg per hectare) was above the EU average (+2.2 kg per hectare). Given the concentrations of available P in agricultural soils, further reduction of the P surplus at the the national level is not desirable.


The phosphorus (P) balance represents the difference between the input of P on agricultural land and the uptake of P from agricultural land with harvested crops. The total input is the sum of P, which is applied to the agricultural land with livestock fertilizers, mineral fertilizers, other organic fertilizers (sewage sludge, compost, digestates) and P, which comes to agricultural land with seeds and planting material. Uptake of P represents P in harvested crops. Long-term balance surplus P leads to an increase in P stocks in the soil and poses a potential risk for water, whereas the long-term balance deficit of P poses a potential risk for declining of soil fertility. It should be pointed out that this is a potential risk, as the actual risk depends on many factors, such as soil supply with P, meteorological conditions, the ability of the soil to bind P, farming methods, etc. Unlike nitrogen (N), which is characterized by a relatively rapid transition from soil to water and air, P is relatively stable in the soil. Long-term surpluses/deficits of P can be problematic, whereas the surpluses/deficits in the individual years do not have a significant impact on the environment and soil fertility.

The P balance was expressed in tonnes at the national level and in kilograms of P per hectare of utilized agricultural area. Data for the period 1992–2019 are presented. The structure of input and output is also presented and the comparison with the countries of the European Union (EU-28) is given.


Charts

Figure KM25-1: Trends and structure of phosphorus input on agricultural land in Slovenia in the period 1992–2019
Sources: 
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (2021)
Show data

Total P input [t P]

Livestock manure [t P]

Mineral fertilisers [t P]

Seeds and seedlings [t P]

Other organic fertilisers [t P]

Livestock manure [%]

Mineral fertilisers [%]

Seeds and seedlings [%]

Other organic fertilisers [%]

1992

13345.36

6489.10

6761.49

55.55

39.22

48.62

50.67

0.42

0.29

1993

13593.50

6016.16

7482.35

55.76

39.22

44.26

55.04

0.41

0.29

1994

14288.91

5922.48

8273.94

53.26

39.22

41.45

57.90

0.37

0.27

1995

13664.33

5978.15

7593.25

53.72

39.22

43.75

55.57

0.39

0.29

1996

13237.03

5738.47

7410.31

51.46

36.80

43.35

55.98

0.39

0.28

1997

13511.73

5817.90

7610.72

48.73

34.38

43.06

56.33

0.36

0.25

1998

14130.97

5829.80

8219.80

49.41

31.96

41.26

58.17

0.35

0.23

1999

14527.74

5845.25

8608.83

48.36

25.30

40.24

59.26

0.33

0.17

2000

14335.63

6297.30

7968.31

51.37

18.65

43.93

55.58

0.36

0.13

2001

13523.57

6199.69

7250.94

51.87

21.07

45.84

53.62

0.38

0.16

2002

13550.77

6619.40

6854.06

48.98

28.33

48.85

50.58

0.36

0.21

2003

12831.81

6076.54

6685.08

49.66

20.52

47.36

52.10

0.39

0.16

2004

12085.37

5627.53

6392.11

49.19

16.54

46.56

52.89

0.41

0.14

2005

11644.79

5716.31

5864.24

48.36

15.88

49.09

50.36

0.42

0.14

2006

11399.63

5741.13

5583.06

50.60

24.85

50.36

48.98

0.44

0.22

2007

11623.93

5974.27

5564.72

50.71

34.23

51.40

47.87

0.44

0.29

2008

10960.84

5655.10

5211.06

51.05

43.63

51.59

47.54

0.47

0.40

2009

9075.62

5629.97

3342.32

50.19

53.14

62.03

36.83

0.55

0.59

2010

9917.82

5479.39

4322.97

47.45

68.01

55.25

43.59

0.48

0.69

2011

9329.89

5278.13

3934.82

44.93

72.02

56.57

42.17

0.48

0.77

2012

9209.58

5198.16

3881.99

47.93

81.51

56.44

42.15

0.52

0.89

2013

9165.68

5142.51

3885.92

46.24

91.01

56.11

42.40

0.50

0.99

2014

9396.99

5254.03

3991.14

48.26

103.56

55.91

42.47

0.51

1.10

2015

9649.88

5372.61

4119.51

47.60

110.16

55.68

42.69

0.49

1.14

2016

9680.39

5507.77

3999.87

48.40

124.34

56.90

41.32

0.50

1.28

2017

9510.73

5381.19

3987.65

47.57

94.32

56.58

41.93

0.50

0.99

2018

9568.86

5382.91

3987.21

46.91

151.82

56.25

41.67

0.49

1.59

2019

9100.12

5363.88

3538.37

46.05

151.82

58.94

38.88

0.51

1.67

Figure KM25-2: Trends and structure of phosphorus output on agricultural land in Slovenia in the period 1992–2019
Sources: 
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (2021)
Show data

Total P output [t P]

Temporary and permanent pasture nett production [t P]

Cereals [t P]

Plants harvested green/Fodder from arable land [t P]

Root crops [t P]

Fruits [t P]

Industrial crops [t P]

Vegetables [t P]

Dried Pulses [t P]

Temporary and permanent pasture nett production [%]

Cereals [%]

Plants harvested green/Fodder from arable land [%]

Root crops [%]

Fruits [%]

Industrial crops [%]

Vegetables [%]

Dried Pulses [%]

1992

4680.49

2748.49

1131.92

444.54

233.73

40.19

56.74

22.35

2.52

58.72

24.18

9.50

4.99

0.86

1.21

0.48

0.05

1993

4845.59

2575.64

1299.28

577.63

271.90

43.03

50.89

24.33

2.86

53.15

26.81

11.92

5.61

0.89

1.05

0.50

0.06

1994

8170.58

5018.04

1631.95

956.35

416.64

48.04

69.62

22.71

7.22

61.42

19.97

11.70

5.10

0.59

0.85

0.28

0.09

1995

7701.48

4594.70

1578.83

990.43

429.11

43.19

31.88

25.26

8.08

59.66

20.50

12.86

5.57

0.56

0.41

0.33

0.10

1996

7449.33

4372.03

1510.81

1018.40

431.47

50.11

34.16

26.34

6.01

58.69

20.28

13.67

5.79

0.67

0.46

0.35

0.08

1997

8111.81

4847.77

1685.29

1093.31

383.34

42.67

28.13

25.95

5.35

59.76

20.78

13.48

4.73

0.53

0.35

0.32

0.07

1998

8128.08

4752.71

1727.25

1099.68

441.27

49.19

29.12

24.04

4.83

58.47

21.25

13.53

5.43

0.61

0.36

0.30

0.06

1999

7802.14

4776.79

1483.98

983.92

458.95

41.89

26.09

27.16

3.36

61.22

19.02

12.61

5.88

0.54

0.33

0.35

0.04

2000

6698.44

3929.17

1531.20

768.29

366.06

57.66

19.17

23.91

2.97

58.66

22.86

11.47

5.46

0.86

0.29

0.36

0.04

2001

6545.10

4024.06

1538.03

650.67

239.51

42.74

28.06

18.90

3.14

61.48

23.50

9.94

3.66

0.65

0.43

0.29

0.05

2002

8241.33

5087.98

1894.00

830.78

282.00

54.61

65.72

20.59

5.64

61.74

22.98

10.08

3.42

0.66

0.80

0.25

0.07

2003

5475.63

3190.76

1236.66

697.97

218.68

49.02

59.36

19.60

3.57

58.27

22.58

12.75

3.99

0.90

1.08

0.36

0.07

2004

8312.73

5129.58

1808.36

949.06

263.35

64.27

64.78

24.61

8.72

61.71

21.75

11.42

3.17

0.77

0.78

0.30

0.10

2005

8944.42

5542.97

1787.70

1164.11

279.60

52.06

68.35

25.82

23.81

61.97

19.99

13.01

3.13

0.58

0.76

0.29

0.27

2006

7235.09

4451.81

1530.85

828.35

238.53

51.00

68.17

23.26

43.12

61.53

21.16

11.45

3.30

0.70

0.94

0.32

0.60

2007

7938.95

5071.75

1649.78

895.17

87.37

54.14

136.38

19.40

24.97

63.88

20.78

11.28

1.10

0.68

1.72

0.24

0.31

2008

8256.25

5270.70

1797.80

928.48

68.09

47.92

102.59

23.00

17.67

63.84

21.77

11.25

0.82

0.58

1.24

0.28

0.21

2009

8093.00

5210.32

1652.79

973.26

72.59

50.20

99.90

24.91

9.04

64.38

20.42

12.03

0.90

0.62

1.23

0.31

0.11

2010

8503.20

5495.26

1764.31

954.48

63.61

51.44

147.93

17.82

8.35

64.63

20.75

11.22

0.75

0.60

1.74

0.21

0.10

2011

8050.13

4887.94

1885.13

987.11

59.54

52.63

140.29

23.20

14.28

60.72

23.42

12.26

0.74

0.65

1.74

0.29

0.18

2012

7183.67

4259.94

1787.89

872.36

50.66

36.34

148.58

21.23

6.67

59.30

24.89

12.14

0.71

0.51

2.07

0.30

0.09

2013

6327.95

3912.08

1418.71

746.67

41.82

52.24

130.67

21.66

4.10

61.82

22.42

11.80

0.66

0.83

2.06

0.34

0.06

2014

8760.70

5288.02

2013.19

1142.18

57.59

49.17

177.31

26.34

6.90

60.36

22.98

13.04

0.66

0.56

2.02

0.30

0.08

2015

8714.36

5331.43

1936.34

1207.42

54.18

61.84

85.41

29.43

8.32

61.18

22.22

13.86

0.62

0.71

0.98

0.34

0.10

2016

8915.47

5395.54

1979.61

1261.15

51.09

40.52

141.91

32.92

12.73

60.52

22.20

14.15

0.57

0.45

1.59

0.37

0.14

2017

7079.32

4090.15

1697.26

1036.13

47.89

29.77

136.29

30.12

11.70

57.78

23.97

14.64

0.68

0.42

1.93

0.43

0.17

2018

8685.06

5297.83

1851.54

1256.82

49.10

67.02

120.06

31.32

11.36

61.00

21.32

14.47

0.57

0.77

1.38

0.36

0.13

2019

8785.42

5327.37

1990.87

1207.71

47.98

39.07

121.62

39.33

11.47

60.64

22.66

13.75

0.55

0.44

1.38

0.45

0.13

Figure KM25-3: Phosphorus budget in Slovenian agriculture for the period 1992–2019
Sources: 
Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (2021)
Show data

Input P [t P]

Output P [t P]

Balance surplus [t P]

UAA [1000 ha]

Balance surplus [kg P/ha]

1992

13345.36

4680.49

8664.87

555.87

15.59

1993

13593.50

4845.59

8747.91

552.76

15.83

1994

14288.91

8170.58

6118.32

537.59

11.38

1995

13664.33

7701.48

5962.85

524.97

11.36

1996

13237.03

7449.33

5787.70

513.47

11.27

1997

13511.73

8111.81

5399.93

494.27

10.93

1998

14130.97

8128.08

6002.89

490.92

12.23

1999

14527.74

7802.14

6725.60

498.59

13.49

2000

14335.63

6698.44

7637.19

508.96

15.01

2001

13523.57

6545.10

6978.48

509.62

13.69

2002

13550.77

8241.33

5309.44

505.46

10.50

2003

12831.81

5475.63

7356.18

509.71

14.43

2004

12085.37

8312.73

3772.64

490.52

7.69

2005

11644.79

8944.42

2700.37

508.76

5.31

2006

11399.63

7235.09

4164.54

490.32

8.49

2007

11623.93

7938.95

3684.97

498.47

7.39

2008

10960.84

8256.25

2704.59

492.42

5.49

2009

9075.62

8093.00

982.62

468.50

2.10

2010

9917.82

8503.20

1414.62

482.65

2.93

2011

9329.89

8050.13

1279.77

458.20

2.79

2012

9209.58

7183.67

2025.91

479.65

4.22

2013

9165.68

6327.95

2837.73

478.89

5.93

2014

9396.99

8760.70

636.30

482.22

1.32

2015

9649.88

8714.36

935.51

476.86

1.96

2016

9680.39

8915.47

764.92

477.67

1.60

2017

9510.73

7079.32

2431.41

481.42

5.05

2018

9568.86

8685.06

883.81

477.30

1.85

2019

9100.12

8785.42

314.70

478.30

0.66

Figure KM25-4: Phosphorus Budget in the Member countries of the European Union (EU-28) for the period 2004–2015
Sources: 
EUROSTAT (2018)
Show data

2004 [kg P/ha]

2005 [kg P/ha]

2006 [kg P/ha]

2007 [kg P/ha]

2008 [kg P/ha]

2009 [kg P/ha]

2010 [kg P/ha]

2011 [kg P/ha]

2012 [kg P/ha]

2013 [kg P/ha]

2014 [kg P/ha]

2015 [kg P/ha]

2004–2015 [kg P/ha]

Estonia

-5

-7

-2

-7

-5

-6

-6

-5

-6

-8

-7

-7

-5.92

Bulgaria

-3

-2

-2

0

-4

-4

-5

-6

-4

-9

-6

-6

-4.25

Slovakia

-5

-3

-2

-1

-5

-5

-3

-6

-3

-4

-8

-5

-4.17

Hungary

-2

-2

-1

3

-4

-3

-2

-3

0

-1

-2

-1

-1.50

Germany

-1

0

1

0

-1

-5

-1

0

-3

-1

-4

-2

-1.42

Czech Republic

0

0

1

2

0

-5

-2

-3

-1

-3

-4

-1

-1.33

Italy

0

0

3

2

-3

0

-1

-3

-2

-2

-1

-1

-0.67

Romania

-2

1

0

4

1

1

-1

-3

1

-2

-2

-1

-0.25

Sweden

1

2

2

1

2

-2

0

0

0

1

0

0

0.58

Austria

0

1

2

3

-2

0

1

0

2

4

2

2

1.25

Latvia

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

3

2

2

1.75

Greece

4

3

4

4

2

3

2

-1

-1

2

0

0

1.83

European Union

3

4

4

4

2

0

2

1

2

2

1

1

2.17

France

5

5

4

4

4

-2

1

2

1

2

1

0

2.25

Ireland

8

7

6

5

1

0

2

1

2

4

4

5

3.75

Spain

5

6

4

5

1

3

3

2

5

3

4

4

3.75

Slovenia

8

5

8

7

5

2

3

3

4

6

1

2

4.50

Poland

3

5

10

7

8

4

5

6

3

3

0

2

4.67

Luxembourg

6

7

5

6

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4.75

Finland

7

6

7

5

5

2

5

4

4

4

4

4

4.75

Lithuania

10

13

9

4

6

-1

6

5

7

2

1

1

5.25

Portugal

13

11

6

9

4

4

6

4

5

4

5

5

6.33

Belgium

11

11

10

9

4

2

5

5

6

6

5

5

6.58

United Kingdom

9

9

8

8

6

4

6

6

6

7

5

5

6.58

Croatia

11

12

18

12

9

1

7

6

7

3

6

4

8

Netherlands

13

16

17

12

8

6

12

6

3

5

1

3

8.50

Denmark

13

11

12

12

7

7

8

7

7

8

7

7

8.83

Cyprus

29

28

28

31

33

29

31

32

30

29

32

32

30.33

Malta

57

45

46

49

43

36

33

26

27

30

30

30

37.67


Goals

  • Improved soil quality.
  • Good chemical and ecological status achieved for all surface waters.
  • Good chemical and quantitative status achieved for all underground waters.
  • Reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on water, soil and air.
  • Maintaining the production potential and area of agricultural land.