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[ZD29] Population exposure to ozone
Impacts

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In the period 2003-2024, the highest exposure to ozone concentrations were detected in the Primorska region in summer where air quality measuring stations in Koper and Nova Gorica Grčna detected highest ozone concentrations in ambient air. There are some differences from year to year in a level of ozone exposure due to meteorological conditions in the warm half of the year and other regional characteristics.

Charts

Figure ZD29-1: Population exposure to ozone based on the indicator SOMO35 (µg/m3.d), Slovenia, 2003-2024
Sources:

Air quality monitoring database (DMKZ), Slovenian Environment Agency, 2024; calculations of NIJZ, 2025 (14/05/2025)

Note:

Measurements at the measuring stations in Hrastnik and Trbovlje have been abandoned, so these data are no longer displayed. In June 2020, new measurements were started at the Novo mesto measuring station, data for this measuring station are shown from 2021 (as the first three-year average 2020-2023). The measuring station in Maribor was moved to another location in 2016. Three-year running averages are displayed from 2018 for this particular measuring station.

Show data
Ljubljana Bežigrad[micro g/m3.d] Celje bolnica[micro g/m3.d] Novo Mesto[micro g/m3.d] Nova Gorica Grcna[micro g/m3.d] Koper[micro g/m3.d] Maribor Vrbanski plato[micro g/m3.d] Zagorje[micro g/m3.d] Iskrba[micro g/m3.d] Otlica[micro g/m3.d] Murska Sobota Rakican[micro g/m3.d] Krvavec[micro g/m3.d]
2006 5984.18 5494.70 7179.04 1951 3113 8210 6075 13363
2007 6326.30 5978.68 7255.57 2259 3411 8588 6248 13579
2008 6266.69 5561.71 6630.75 2358 2926 8199 11722 5863 13192
2009 5766.05 4944.48 5871.81 8163.76 2308 2321 7612 10452 5483 12776
2010 5093.97 4640.35 5478.84 8313.60 2197 2212 7180 9561 5187 12592
2011 5352.91 5249.25 6663.45 8763.06 1912 3099 6815 9960 6027 12831
2012 5932.61 6101.38 7792.33 9276.94 2070 3998 7113 10434 6806 13257
2013 6401.32 6262.53 8378.77 9651.51 1977 4423 6943 9817 7135 13756
2014 5434.51 5420.02 7295.36 9095.71 2779 3813 6845 8845 5980 13197
2015 5158.79 4788.97 7034.65 8840.90 3654 6213 8101 4997 12491
2016 4613.66 4343.29 6494.58 8333.67 3220 5849 8184 4670 11366
2017 5739.62 4967.01 7096.99 8551 3721 6880 8880 5525 11787
2018 5699.33 5059.67 6791.33 8347.67 6167.33 3372 6905 9166 6668 11733
2019 5915.67 5472 7139.33 8343.33 6444.67 3634 7484 9870 7011 12197
2020 4909 4910 6792 7666 5772 3093 5704 8997 6411 10859
2021 5067 4620 6587 7285 5124 3119 5247 8649 5067 10318
2022 4760 4703 7187 7556 4920 3470 5017 9082 4912 10210
2023 5315 4854 5179 7491 8297 5130 3818 5966 10189 5067 11182
2024 5146 4898 4837 7277 8490 5111 4045 6327 10375 5634 11272
Figure ZD29-2: Population exposure to ozone based on the indicator SOMO35 (µg/m3.d), by the types of sampling sites, Slovenia, 2003-2024
Sources:

Air quality monitoring database (DMKZ), Slovenian Environment Agency, 2024; calculations of NIJZ, 2025 (14/05/2025)

Note:

SIP: Primorska region, SIC: inland area

Measuring sites in SIP: Nova Gorica Grčna in Koper (urban background SIP); Otlica (rural background SIP).

Measuring sites in SIC: Ljubljana Bežigrad, Celje bolnica, Novo mesto, Maribor Vrbanski plato (urban background SIC); Zagorje (urban-traffic SIC); Murska Sobota Rakičan (agricultural-rural SIC); Iskrba (suburban background SIC).

Measuring site Krvavec: individual/independent category.

Show data
Urban background SIC area[micro g/m3.d] Ljubljana Bežigrad[micro g/m3.d] Celje[micro g/m3.d] Novo Mesto[micro g/m3.d] Urban background SIP area[micro g/m3.d] Nova Gorica Grcna[micro g/m3.d] Koper[micro g/m3.d] Urban-traffic type SIC area[micro g/m3.d] Zagorje[micro g/m3.d] Rural/Agricultural type SIC area[micro g/m3.d] Murska Sobota Rakican[micro g/m3.d] Rural type/natural background SIC area[micro g/m3.d] Iskrba[micro g/m3.d] Rural type/natural background SIP area[micro g/m3.d] Otlica[micro g/m3.d] Krvavec[micro g/m3.d]
2005 6559.90 6644.89 6474.90 8382.45 8382.45 3827.64 3827.64 7447.83 7447.83 8403.79 8403.79 13896.77
2006 5739.44 5984.18 5494.70 7179.04 7179.04 3113.37 3113.37 6075 6075.03 8210 8210.13 13362.75
2007 6152.49 6326.30 5978.68 7256 7255.57 3410.58 3410.58 6248 6248.22 8588 8588.15 13578.62
2008 5914.20 6266.69 5561.71 6631 6630.75 2925.79 2925.79 5863 5863.18 8199 8198.64 11722 11721.86 13191.79
2009 5355.26 5766.05 4944.48 7017.79 5871.81 8163.76 2321.31 2321.31 5482.87 5482.87 7612.23 7612.23 10452.21 10452.21 12776.46
2010 4867.16 5093.97 4640.35 6896.22 5478.84 8313.60 2212.18 2212.18 5187.44 5187.44 7179.69 7179.69 9560.73 9560.73 12591.53
2011 5301.08 5352.91 5249.25 7713.26 6663.45 8763.06 3098.52 3098.52 6027.19 6027.19 6815.29 6815.29 9960.29 9960.29 12830.91
2012 6017.00 5932.61 6101.38 8534.63 7792.33 9276.94 3998.17 3998.17 6806.39 6806.39 7112.86 7112.86 10434.39 10434.39 13256.79
2013 6331.93 6401.32 6262.53 9015.14 8378.77 9651.51 4423.42 4423.42 7134.72 7134.72 6942.75 6942.75 9816.88 9816.88 13755.95
2014 5427.27 5434.51 5420.02 8195.53 7295.36 9095.71 3813.47 3813.47 5980.13 5980.13 6844.88 6844.88 8844.66 8844.66 13196.85
2015 4973.88 5158.79 4788.97 7937.78 7034.65 8840.90 3653.77 3653.77 4997.11 4997.11 6213.17 6213.17 8100.82 8100.82 12491.24
2016 4478.47 4613.66 4343.29 7414.12 6494.58 8333.67 3220.30 3220.30 4669.94 4669.94 5848.58 5848.58 8183.82 8183.82 11365.95
2017 5353.32 5739.62 4967.01 7824.00 7096.99 8551 3721.13 3721.13 5524.91 5524.91 6880.45 6880.45 8879.94 8879.94 11787
2018 5642.11 5699 5060 7570 6791 8348 3372 3372 6668 6668 6905 6905 9166 9166 11733
2019 5944.11 5916 5472 7741 7139 8343 3634 3634 7011 7011 7484 7484 9870 9870 12197
2020 5196.89 4909 4910 7229 6792 7666 3093 3093 6411 6411 5704 5704 8997 8997 10859
2021 4937.22 5067 4620 6936 6587 7285 3119 3119 5067 5067 5247 5247 8649 8649 10318
2022 4794.33 4760 4703 7372 7187 7556 3470 3470 4912 4912 5017 5017 9082 9082 10210
2023 5119.38 5315 4854 5179 7893.94 7491 8297 3818 3818 5067 5067 5966 5966 10189 10189 11182
2024 4998.09 5146 4898 4837 7883.33 7277 8490 4045 4045 5634 5634 6327 6327 10375 10375 11272
Figure ZD29-3: Comparison of population exposure to ozone, based on the indicator SOMO35 (µg/m3.d) in 41 European countries and the EU-27, 2011-2022
Sources:

European air quality maps for 2022. Eionet Report - ETC HE Report 2024/4 (19/09/2025)

Note:

SOMO35 is expressed as population-weighted concentration and it is obtained according to the methodology described by ETC HE Report 2024/4 (EEA, 2024) and references there in and not only from monitoring stations.

Show data
2011[micro g/m3.d] 2012[micro g/m3.d] 2013[micro g/m3.d] 2014[micro g/m3.d] 2015[micro g/m3.d] 2016[micro g/m3.d] 2017[micro g/m3.d] 2018[micro g/m3.d] 2019[micro g/m3.d] 2020[micro g/m3.d] 2021[micro g/m3.d] 2022[micro g/m3.d]
Austria 5452 5419 5389 4423 6170 4522 5311 6731 5802 4584 4599 5482
Belgium 2714 2050 2520 2297 2790 2203 2553 4298 3336 3798 2229 4052
Bulgaria 5215 5960 4082 2519 4180 3347 3938 3765 3515 2967 2668 2934
Croatia 7143 5989 4503 6240 4996 7110 6342 6191 4775 5232 6104
Cyprus 8773 8369 7900 5426 6390 5612 6029 6844 5653 6300 8182 6664
Czechia 4743 4806 4266 3822 5560 4353 4307 6946 5400 4252 3651 5045
Denmark 2752 2662 2749 2611 2200 2293 1711 3866 3477 2284 2106 2535
Estonia 2516 2310 2545 1991 1780 1949 1462 2793 2739 1469 1849 1840
Finland 2052 1650 2011 1615 1360 1510 1153 2351 2297 1362 1597 1754
France 4439 3635 4098 3786 4250 3420 3809 5274 4791 4274 3302 4916
Germany 3668 3357 3506 3287 4300 3368 3182 5674 4612 4194 2949 4808
Greece 9182 9378 8532 5926 6910 6871 4858 7157 7094 6181 7660 6313
Hungary 5828 6342 4604 3620 5550 3952 5010 5892 4473 4044 4665 5314
Ireland 1353 1479 2043 868 860 1323 1418 2556 2125 1911 1866 2148
Italy 7532 7328 6576 5569 6860 6058 7405 6490 6659 6059 6149 6910
Latvia 2708 3103 2614 2213 2560 2773 1557 2732 2552 1700 1853 2150
Lithuania 3131 3358 2703 2457 2800 2456 1417 3096 3222 2044 2404 2225
Luxembourgh 3527 2561 3167 2872 3460 2211 3001 4604 3808 4272 2380 4406
Malta 7127 8022 7403 6946 5790 5985 6174 5498 5872 6590 6649 6599
Netherlands 2283 1949 2410 2244 2680 2428 2281 3620 3331 3426 2312 3486
Poland 4065 4045 3792 3425 4530 3699 3111 5095 4390 3216 3309 3851
Portugal 4552 4240 5091 3519 3990 4074 3914 4672 3332 3585 3473 4155
Romania 3276 3967 2221 1842 2950 2485 3885 3683 3222 2955 3001 3639
Slovakia 6051 6103 5116 4344 5460 4232 4861 6129 4778 3867 3970 4905
Slovenia 7062 7092 6540 5086 6650 5007 7035 6494 5758 5011 5450 6296
Spain 5858 5850 5895 5436 5820 5212 5600 5841 5816 4525 4688 5082
Sweden 2628 2233 2317 2318 2080 1819 1641 3465 3148 2182 1976 2289
United Kingdom 1471 1183 1606 1337 1290 1161 1218 2307 1892 2300
Albania 7769 8760 7179 4376 7220 5475 6898 5601 5727 5679 6635 5177
Andorra 7891 8058 7303 6692 6050 4423 5182 6593 7536 2813 2496 3656
Bosnia and Herzegovina 5702 7322 5670 3852 6050 4409 6967 5218 7062 4045 5152 6085
Iceland 1094 1242 1473 218 260 499 782 1999 1662 1582 1924 1981
Kosovo 5691 3149 6130 4769 4930 3922 4086 3900 4932 4572
Liechtenstein 5128 5132 5221 4360 5800 4945 5045 7045 5719 4971 4355 5779
Monaco 8354 6979 7795 7112 8020 7186 8223 7686 6930 6445 6917 8042
Montenegro 6970 8584 6674 4012 6790 5269 6787 5630 6017 4360 5665 5027
North Macedonia 7110 8472 6326 3215 6200 4434 4248 3533 4038 4345 4248 3936
Norway 2395 2128 2443 2113 1760 1502 1448 3128 2709 2041 1677 2242
San Marino 6048 5067 5949 7180 5667 7192 6700 5956 5387 5303 5578
Serbia 5793 6844 4505 2668 5280 3508 4293 3500 5727 3098 4693 5097
Switzerland 5435 4990 4919 4417 6170 4842 5281 7214 5847 5388 4154 6139
EU-28/*EU-27 3507 4250 3547 3838 4970 4454 3945 3794 4793

Methodology

Other sources and literature

  1. European air quality maps. ETC HE Report 2024/4. Dostopno na: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2024-4-air-quality-maps-of-eea-member-and-cooperating-countries-for-2022-pm10-pm2-5-o3-no2-nox-and-bap-spatial-estimates-and-their-uncertainties
  2. Pravilnik o ocenjevanju kakovosti zunanjega zraka. Ur. list RS, št. 55/11, 6/15, 5/17 in 44/22 – ZVO-2.
  3. UNECE, 2004. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Modelling and assessment of the health impact of particulate matter and ozone. UNECE Geneva.
  4. Uredba o kakovosti zunanjega zraka. Ur. list RS, št. 9/11, 8/15, 66/18 in 44/22 – ZVO-2.
  5. WHO, 2008. Joint WHO/Convention Task Force on the Health Aspects of Air Pollution. Health risks of ozone from long-range transboundary air pollution. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2008. Dostopno na https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289042895
  6. WHO, 2013. Health risks of air pollution in Europe-HRAPIE project. Recommendations for concentration-response functions for cost-benefit analysis of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  7. World Health Organization ‎2021‎. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (‎PM2.5 and PM10)‎, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Dostopno na: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228

Last modified
27.10.2025
Author(s)

Bojana Bažec, National Institute of Public Health; Mateja Gjerek, Slovenian Environment Agency